Dissolved oxygen (DO)

Benefits

• Capability of satellite remote sensing in monitoring coastal water DO, that can extend (spatially and temporally) current monitoring.

• Can provide long-term variability patterns.

Limitations

• Low spatial resolution of 1 km.

• Approach non applicable in area where strong vertical variability exists.

Applicability for Northland

Yes, likely.

Remote sensed data would need to be ground-truthed to confirm applicability/accuracy in the Northland context.

Techniques applying optical data will be limited in coverage and temporal granularity by the persistent cloud cover in the region, particularly during the winter months. Mature cloud-masking techniques are directly available for open access multispectral data (e.g. Landsat and Sentinel-2). When using commercial data, care must be taken to ensure that there is sufficiently cloud free imagery available, as cloud masking is not as mature, and ordering a large volume of imagery to ensure complete cloud free coverage between multiple observations can become cost prohibitive.